Zingerone-Induced Autophagy Suppresses IL-1β Production by Increasing the Intracellular Killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in THP-1 Macrophages

Periodontitis is caused by the inflammation of tooth-supporting tissue pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, triggers series inflammatory reactions and promotes bone resorption. The aim this study was to examine molecular mechanism anti-inflammatory function zingerone, dietary phenolic found in Zingiber officinale, on periodontal induced A. Zingerone attenuated actinomycetemcomitans-induced nitric oxide (NO) production inhibiting expression inducible synthase (iNOS) THP-1 macrophages. also inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, their signal pathway molecules including toll-like receptor (TLR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKase). In particular, zingerone suppressed absent melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome components IL-1β production. Moreover, enhanced autophagosome formation expressions autophagy-associated molecules. Interestingly, reduced intracellular survival This blocked an autophagy inhibitor, which reversed decrease zingerone. Finally, alleviated alveolar absorption actnomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis mice model. Our data suggested that has potential use treatment for